Making a Withdrawal
Like a bank, only those who deposit seeds are able to take seeds out. The Global Seed Vault doesn’t own the seeds. Any seeds donated are still owned by those who deposited them. This means that only the people who donated can have access to those seeds or allow others to borrow them.
When certain seeds are at the end of their life, a country can take them out to grow them and create fresh seeds. Then they can send some of those new seeds to the vault to make sure the variety is safe again.
Has anyone ever needed the seeds they’ve stored? Yes. Just ask Syria.
The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) used to be based in Aleppo, Syria. But in 2011, the country was on the brink of civil war. To protect seed diversity, ICARDA sent 100,000 types of seeds to Svalbard for safekeeping. This included one of the largest collections of types of wheat in the world.
ICARDA set up new places to work in Morocco and Lebanon. Then in 2015, they asked Svalbard to return their seeds. ICARDA planted those seeds to get fresh ones, some of which they sent back to Svalbard.
Domestic Crops
The Svalbard seed bank can help us with future problems, too. There is a germ that kills wheat called Ug99. It was first found in Uganda, Africa, in 1999. This germ travels on spores in the wind. It is quickly spreading to other countries. It’s heading to India. It will move to Australia. Eventually, it will reach the United States. We need to have wheat that can resist this germ by the time it arrives.
That’s why a seed bank like the one in Svalbard is so important. It offers us protection against crop loss and loss of diversity. It also buys us time to solve problems like Ug99. Above all, the seed vault is in place if ever we face a global food crisis. For now, we store them, one seed packet at a time.
wheat
An ICARDA scientist looks at seed bank cropsgrowing in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley.
From the Svalbard Vault
Bambara groundnuts
This legume is grown by farmers in Africa. It makes underground pods that contain nuts. The nuts can be eaten fresh. But, they are usually dried and ground into flour. The flour is used to make dumplings, cakes, and biscuits.
Pigeon peas
Pigeon peas have deep tap roots. The roots can break through hard soil. This plant brings up nutrients from deep underground. It makes the surface soil better. Pigeon peas are used to make dal, a dish from India.
Black‑eyed peas
Black‑eyed peas are valued in Africa. They are able to grow in hot and dry conditions. They also change nitrogen in soil into a form that living things can use. This helps make fields fertile again for other crops.
Map of Washington, D.C., 1860s
The White House
Peterson House
Ford's Theatre
United States Capitol
Smithsonian Institute
Washington Monument
POTOMAC RIVER