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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

(ISSN 1541-3357) is published seven times during the school year — September, October, November-December, January-February, March, April, May — by National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.


Copyright © 2018 National Geographic Society. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents of NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER without written permission is prohibited. National Geographic, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER, and the Yellow Border are trademarks of the National Geographic Society.

DIGITAL CREDITS | COVER: CATHYKEIFER/ISTOCK/GETTY IMAGES. TOC: (BACKGROUND) THINKSTOCK/STOCKBYTE/GETTY IMAGES; (PLANT) PANEL REY/EYEEM/GETTY IMAGES; (VOLCANO VIDEO) RAINER ALBIEZ/SHUTTERSTOCK; (SCREWS) LASSE KRISTENSEN/ALAMY STOCK IMAGE; (LIGHTBULBS) BRIAN A JACKSON/SHUTTERSTOCK. EXTREME PLANTS: (VENUS FLYTRAP) PANEL REY/EYEEM/GETTY IMAGES; (CASTOR BEAN PLANT) GUENTER FISHER/IMAGEBROKER/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (CASTOR BEANS) TED KINSMAN/SCIENCE SOURCE; (GYMPIE-GYMPIE) © JURGEN FRUEND/NATUREPL.COM; (CORPSE PLANT) FADIL AZIZ/CORBIS DOCUMENTARY/GETTY IMAGES; (VENUS FLYTRAP WITH FLY)) MARCOULIANA/FOTOSEARCH LBRF/AGE FOTOSTOCK; (VENUS FLYTRAP VIDEO) SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/IMAGE FILM BANK/GETTY IMAGES; (SINGLE VENUS FLYTRAP) DORLING KINDERSLEY/GETTY IMAGES; (RAFFLESIA WITH HAND) RADEK DETINSKU/AGE FOTOSTOCK; (RAFFLESIA FULL BLOOM) ARPAD BENEDEK/ISTOCK/GETTY IMAGES; (BAMBOO) PAUL STAROSTA/CORBIS DOCUMENTARY/GETTY IMAGES; LIVING WITH LAVA DOMES: (VOLCANIC SYSTEM) GABBY SALAZAR; (LAVA BACKGROUND) T.THINNAPAT/SHUTTERSTOCK; (GROCKE) ROSS DONIHUE; (SALAZAR AND DONIHUE) GABBY SALAZAR; (MAP) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (HANDS WITH PUMICE AND ASH PLUME) GABBY SALAZAR; (SANTIAGUITO COMPLEX) ROSS DONIHUE; (VOLCANO ILLUSTRATION) STEVE MCCRACKEN; (EQUIPMENT BOTH) GABBY SALAZAR; (ERUPTING VOLCANO) WESTEND61 GMBH/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (VOLCANO VIDEO) NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE; (VOLCANO AND BRIDGE) GABBY SALAZAR; SOMETHING SCREWY GOING ON: (JARS) YINYANG/E+/GETTY IMAGES; (SCREWDRIVER AND SCREW) MARTIN POOLE/DIGITALVISION/GETTY IMAGES; (TWO SINGLE SCREWS) LASSE KRISTENSEN/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (LIGHTBULBS) BRIAN A JACKSON/SHUTTERSTOCK; (DOG IN DOGHOUSE) KICHIGIN/SHUTTERSTOCK; (TWO SCREWS) FATIH KOCYILDIR/SHUTTERSTOCK; (SCREWDRIVER VIDEO) STOCK FOOTAGE INC/DIGITALVISION/GETTY IMAGES; (SINGLE JAR) RTIMAGES/SHUTTERSTOCK; (SINGLE LIGHTBULB) SOMCHAI SOM/SHUTTERSTOCK; (DRILL VIDEO) SIMONKR/CREATAS VIDEO/GETTY IMAGES; (STAIRCASE) DAVID MUIR/PHOTOGRAPHER’S CHOICE/GETTY IMAGES; (ARCHIMEDES ILLUSTRATION) MORPHANT CREATION/SHUTTERSTOCK; (ACTIVITY) REBECCA HALE/NGS STAFF. EXPLORER CLASSROOM: REBECCA HALE/NGS STAFF.