DEVELOPMENT
Director, Content: Richard Easby
Senior Manager, Content Design: Karen Thompson
Manager, Content, Explorer: Brenna Maloney
Manager, Content, Young Explorer and
digital magazines: Corinne Rucker
Manager, Editorial Rights & Research: Jay Sumner
Specialist, Program Support: Jean Cantu
Specialist, Content Design: Patrick Cavanagh
Production: Emily McKean
BUSINESS AND OPERATIONS
Senior Manager, Cross Cutting: Emily Mallozzi
Manager, Program: Erin West Kephart
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION
VP, Educator Initiatives: Jennifer Aguilar
VP, Youth Initiatives: Lina Gomez
VP, Education Content: Kim Hulse
Digital Design: Schuttelaar & Partners
Digital Content Platform: H5mag
PUBLISHED BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
CEO: Jill Tiefenthaler
President & COO: Mike Ulica
EVP, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary: Angelo Grima
EVP, Chief Education Officer: Dr. Vicki Phillips
Chief Administrative Officer: Tara Bunch
Chief of Content, Communications and Public Affairs: Kalee Kreider
SVP, Global Engagement: Emma Carrasco
SVP, Chief Storytelling Officer: Kaitlin Yarnall
Chief Human Resources Officer: Mara Dell
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER
(ISSN 1541-3357) is published five times during the school year—September-October, November– December, January–February, March, and April—by National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.
Copyright © 2020 National Geographic Society. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents of National Geographic Explorer without written permission is prohibited. National Geographic, National Geographic Explorer, and the Yellow Border are trademarks of the National Geographic Society.
EXPLORER, SEPT/OCT 2020 DIGITAL CREDITS: COVER: JERRY HOARE PHOTOGRAPHY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. TOC: (BACKGROUND) JOHN MORRISON/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DINOSAUR ILLUSTRATION) DAVIDE BONADONNA; (NYMPH) NATURE PICTURE LIBRARY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DRAGONFLY) © KIM TAYLOR/NATUREPL.COM; (ARTHUR HUANG) BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES. RETHINKING SPINOSAURUS: (ILLUSTRATION) DAVIDE BONADONNA; (FOSSIL) NIZAR IBRAHIM; (NIZAR) KAT KEENE HOGUE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (MAP/GLOBE) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (BOX OF FOSSILS) PAOLO VERZONE; (NIZAR IN FIELD) NANNI FONTANA; (NIZAR TEAM BOTH AND MEASURING FOSSIL) PAOLO VERZONE; (HEAD FOSSIL) REBECCA HALE/NG STAFF; (SPINOSAURUS JAW AND FULL BODY ILLUSTRATIONS) DAVIDE BONADONNA; (FOSSIL LAYOUT) PAOLO VERZONE; (ANIMATED & 3D SPINOSAURS) NIZAR IBRAHIM; (BUILDING MODEL) PAOLO VERZONE. THE TRANSFORMER: (NYMPH) NATURE PICTURE LIBRARY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DRAGONFLY) © KIM TAYLOR/NATUREPL.COM; (ON BRANCH) ANDREW PATERSON/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO;( NYMPH ON PLANT) © ANDY SANDS/NPL/MINDEN PICTURES; ; (DRAGONFLY) © KIM TAYLOR/NATUREPL.COM; (NYMPH & NYMPH EYES) © JAN HAMRSKY; (WALKING DRAGONFLY VIDEO) DOUG OVERTON/NEW FOREST DRAGONFLIES; (HUNTING SEQUENCE & NYMPH WITH PREY) © JAN HAMRSKY; (NYMPH EATING VIDEO) DOUG OVERTON/NEW FOREST DRAGONFLIES; (LIFE CYCLE ILLUSTRATION) ADAM TURNER; (FLYING) IAN WEST/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (EYES) WILDLIFE GMBH/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (ON PLANT) MCPHOTO/P. HOFMANN/BLICKWINKEL/AGE FOTOSTOCK; (FLYING VIDEO) RAINER FIESELMANN/SHUTTERSTOCK; (LAYING EGGS) FLPA/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. TURNING TRASH INTO TREASURE: (BACKGROUND) TOPILSKAYA/SHUTTERSTOCK; (ECOARK BOTH & ARTHUR INSET) CHRIS TZOU/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES; (MAN TOUCHING WALL & ARTHUR JUMPING) NICKY LOH/REUTERS/NEWSCOM; (POLLI BRICK) MINIWIZ SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED; (ARTHUR VIDEO) EXECUTIVE PRODUCER | VANESSA SERRAO, SENIOR PRODUCER | MARY STEPHENS, PRODUCER, EDITOR | SAM SHELINE, DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY | RYAN HILL, FIELD PRODUCER | CARLING FRENCH, ASSISTANT CAMERA | NATHAN KELLEY, ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER | CARMEN RADKE, PRODUCTION SUPPORT | CHRIS WU, AUDIO MIX | CHRIS MARTIN, POST-OP MEDIA, COLORIST | TED SNAVELY, POST-OP MEDIA, ADDITIONAL FOOTAGE | GETTY IMAGES, ISTOCK; (ECOARK LIGHTING) GDA PHOTO SERVICE/NEWSCOM; (ARTHUR ON SKATEBOARD & SUNGLASSES) BILLY H.C. KWOK/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES; (ARTHUR AT DESK) NIKE/COVER IMAGES/NEWSCOM; (TRASHPRESSO PHOTO) MALCOLM PARK EDITORIAL/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (TRASHPRESSO ILLUSTRATION) MINIWIZ CO, LTD/ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THAT’S GEOGRAPHY: (MAP) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (TOMATOES) NIKITA SHACHNEV/SHUTTERSTOCK. THE END: © ROSS HODDINOTT/NPL/MINDEN PICTURES.