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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

(ISSN 1541-3357) is published seven times during the school year—September, October, November– December, January–February, March, April, May—by National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036. Postmaster: Please send address changes to Attn: Explorer Magazine, National Geographic Society, PO Box 291875, Kettering, OH 45429. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offices.


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DIGITAL CREDITS | COVER: JOEL SARTORE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK/NISPERO ZOO, PANAMA. TOC: (BACKGROUND) © CH’IEN LEE/MINDEN PICTURES; (COCKATOOS) JOEL SARTORE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK/JURONG BIRD PARK, SINGAPORE; (PULLEYS) TRIPTHEANCHOR/SHUTTERSTOCK; (SEED VAULT) © PAL HERMANSEN/NATUREPL.COM. PARROTS IN PERIL: (ALL PARROTS) JOEL SARTORE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK; (PAIR OF COCKATOOS) JURONG BIRD PARK, SINGAPORE; (SINGLE COCKATOO) THORNESIDE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA; (BLUE-THROATED MACAW) HOUSTON ZOO, TEXAS; (MAP) MATT CHWASTKY/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (PALM COCKATOO) JURONG BIRD PARK, SINGAPORE; (AFRICAN GRAY PARROTS) THORNESIDE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA; (ALEXANDRINE PARAKEET) BOTANICAL GARDEN, ASSAM, INDIA; (VIDEO) JOEL SARTORE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK; (ALEXANDRINE PARAKEET) THORNESIDE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA; (GREEN-CHEEKED CONURES)CHOUSSY, FRANCE; (ALEX THE AFRICAN GRAY PARROT) MARK WILSON/THE BOSTON GLOBE VIA GETTY IMAGES. PULLEY POWER: (BACKGROUND) STUDIOSTOKS/SHUTTERSTOCK; (PULLEYS) DONATAS 1205/SHUTTERSTOCK; (TREEHOUSE ILLUSTRATION) STEVE MCCRACKEN; (GIRLS RAISING FLAG JULES FRAZIER PHOTOGRAPHY/UPPERCUT IMAGES/GETTY IMAGES; (FLAG VIDEO) WARNER BROS. STUDIOS/WARNER BROS. ENTERTAINMENT/GETTY IMAGES; (PULLEY VIDEO) REC STOCK FOOTAGE/SHUTTERSTOCK; (CRANE) IGOR GONCHARENKO/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (INSET) STEFANO CAREVALL/SHUTTERSTOCK; (BOAT PULLEYS) TRIPTHEANCHOR/SHUTTERSTOCK; (INSET) LAMAX/SHUTTERSTOCK; (BLOCK & TACKLE VIDEO) JAIMEMADERA/POND5; MORE IS BETTER (ICE CUBES) TIM UR/SHUTTERSTOCK; (ALL OTHER IMAGES) MARK THIESSEN/NG STAFF. FOOD FOR THE FUTURE: (SEED VAULT ENTRANCE) © PAL HERMANSEN/NATUREPL.COM; (SIDE VIEW) JIM RICHARDSON/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (SEED VALUT VIDEO(S) BBC MOTION GALLERY EDITORIAL/BBC NEWS/GETTY IMAGES; THE NORWEGIAN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD/ NORWEGIAN GOVERNMENT SECURITY AND SERVICE ORGANIZATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. USED WITH PERMISSION; (TUBES OF SEEDS) MARTIN SLOTTEMOLYNGSTAD/AFTENP/ZUMA PRESS/NEWSCOM; (SORGHUM) HELLORF ZCOOL/SHUTTERSTOCK; (SEED VAULT ILLUSTRATION) JONES-HULFACHOR/MCT/NEWSCOM; (SEED PACKS) HEIKO JUNGE/ZUMA PRESS/NEWSCOM; (MAN & SEEDS) MASSIMO BREGA/THE LIGHTHOUSE UNIVERSAL IMAGES GROUP/NEWSCOM; (MEN AND SEEDS) HEMIS/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (VAULT STORAGE SHELVES) JIM RICHARDSON/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (MAP) MAPPING SPECIALIST, LTD; (HANDS & WHEAT) MOHAMED AZAKIR/REUTERS/NEWSCOM; (SCIENTIST) ALTO VINTAGE IMAGES/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (GRAINS & SEEDS) MADLEN/SHUTTERSTOCK; (BAMBARA)WASANAJAI/SHUTTERSTOCK; (PIGEON PEAS) GEOFF KIDD/SCIENCE SOURCE; (BLACK EYED PEAS) PICTURE PARTNERS/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. EXPLORER CLASSROOM: REBECCA HALE/NG STAFF. THE END PHOTO: JOEL SARTORE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK/HEALESVILLE SANCTUARY/VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.