National Geographic - Explorer
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DEVELOPMENT

Senior Director, Curriculum & Content Innovation: Suzanne Simons

Senior Manager, Content Design: Karen Thompson

Manager, Content, Explorer: Brenna Maloney

Manager, Content, Young Explorer and digital magazines:
Corinne Rucker

Manager, Editorial Rights & Research: Jay Sumner

Specialist, Program Support: Jean Cantu

Specialist, Content Design: Patrick Cavanagh


BUSINESS AND OPERATIONS

Senior Manager, Cross Cutting: Emily Mallozzi

Manager: Erin West Kephart


NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION

VP, Educator Initiatives: Jennifer Aguilar

VP, Youth Initiatives: Lina Gomez

VP, Education Content: Kim Hulse

VP, Global Delivery: Sandra Licon


Digital Design: Schuttelaar & Partners

Digital Content Platform: H5mag


PUBLISHED BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY

CEO: Jill Tiefenthaler

President & COO: Mike Ulica

EVP, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary: Angelo Grima

EVP, Chief Education Officer: Dr. Vicki Phillips

Chief Administrative Officer: Tara Bunch

SVP, Chief Storytelling Officer: Kaitlin Yarnall

Chief Human Resources Officer: Mara Dell


NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

(ISSN 1541-3357) is published five times during the school year—September–October, November–December, January–February, March, and April —by National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street

NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.


Copyright © 2021 National Geographic Society. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents of NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER without written permission is prohibited. National Geographic, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER, and the Yellow Border are trademarks of the National Geographic Society.

COVER : © DOUG GIMESY/NATUREPL.COM. TOC: (BACKGROUND) PHILLIPMINNIS/ISTOCK/GETTY IMAGES PLUS; (NEWFOUNDLAND) ROLF HICKER PHOTOGRAPHY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (PLATYPUS) MATIS75/SHUTTERSTOCK; (WATERFALLS) ARCO IMAGES GMBH/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. NEWFOUNDLAND WILDLIFE: (BIRDS ON ROCKS) ROLF HICKER PHOTOGRAPHY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (JUSTINE INSET) JACQUELYN SATURNO; (MAPS/GLOBE) NATIONAL GEOGRAPIC MAPS; (LIGHTHOUSE & UNDERWATER IMAGE) JUSTINE AMMENDOLIA; (CAPELIN SWIMMING) PAUL SOUDERS/STONE/GETTY IMAGES; (WHALE) JULIANA BALLUFFI-FRY; (ATLANTIC COD) WATERFRAME/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (PUFFIN) JULIANA BALLUFFI-FRY; (BIRDS & GIRL ON ROCKS) JUSTINE AMMENDOLIA; (MOOSE) ANA GRAM/SHUTTERSTOCK; (GULL ISLAND) DANITA DELIMONT/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (MOOSE) JONATHAN E. SHAW/ HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY-NC/2.0/LEGALCODE;

(HUMPBACK) JAMIE MCCAFFREY/HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY-NC/2.0/LEGALCODE; (PUFFIN FLIGHT) SILVER LEAPERS/ HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/2.0/LEGALCODEMISHMASH MAMMAL: (PLATYPUS) MATIS75/SHUTTERSTOCK; (PLATYPUS SWIMMING VIDEO) RICK RAY/SHUTTERSTOCK; (PLATYPUS & WORM) JOHNCARNEMOLLA/ISTOCK/GETTY IMAGES PLUS; (PLATYPUS ON LOG, EGGS ON HAND) © DOUG GIMESY/NATUREPL.COM; (ILLUSTRATION) AUTHENTIC-ORIGINALS/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (SKELETON) DORLING KINDERSLEY LTD/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (MAP/GLOBES) NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS; (PLATYPUS FULL BODY) LEONELLO CALVETTI/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (WEBBED FOOT) © DOUG GIMESY/NATUREPL.COM; (PLATYPUS UNDERWATER VIDEO) LITTLEMANPRODUCTIONS/POND 5; (FRONT FOOT) JEAN-PAUL FERRERO/MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY LTD/AGE FOTOSTOCK; (MALE SPIKE) © JEAN-PAUL FERRERO/AUSCAPE/MINDEN PICTURES; (INSET) © D.PARER AND E. PARER-COOK/MINDEN PICTURES; (TAIL) © DOUG GIMESY/NATUREPL.COM; (SWIMMING EYES CLOSED) © DAVE WATTS/NATUREPL.COM. THE WONDER OF THE FALLS: (IGUAZU FALLS) ARCO IMAGES GMBH/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (FOOTBRIDGE) LIBBY ROMERO; (MAP) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (DEVIL’S THROAT) MIKE THEISS/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (RAINBOW) INGE JOHNSSON/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (SIGN) LU_SEA/SHUTTERSTOCK; (WATERFALL ILLUSTRATION) NICK HEWESTON/GETTY IMAGES; (THREE FRONTIERS) JAN SCHNECKENHAUS/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (COATIS) KAROL KOZLOWSKI/SHUTTERSTOCK; (TOUCAN) MARTIN PELANEK/SHUTTERSTOCK; (MONKEY) MICHAEL NOLAN/ROBERT HARDING; (PARK SIGN) IMAGEBROKER/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DAM) BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES; (FALLS VIDEO) BLACKLIGHT PRODUCTIONS LLC/IMAGE BANK FILM/GETTY IMAGES; (JAGUAR) SERGIO PITAMITZ/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (FALLS & BOAT) MEKDET/MOMENT/GETTY IMAGES. THE END: NICOLE DUPLAIX/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION.