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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER
(ISSN 1541-3357) is published five times during the school year—September-October, November– December, January–February, March, and April—by National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.
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EXPLORER, SEPT/OCT 2020 DIGITAL CREDITS: COVER: JERRY HOARE PHOTOGRAPHY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. TOC: (BACKGROUND) JOHN MORRISON/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DINOSAUR ILLUSTRATION) DAVIDE BONADONNA; (NYMPH) NATURE PICTURE LIBRARY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DRAGONFLY) © KIM TAYLOR/NATUREPL.COM; (ARTHUR HUANG) BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES. RETHINKING SPINOSAURUS: (ILLUSTRATION) DAVIDE BONADONNA; (FOSSIL) NIZAR IBRAHIM; (NIZAR) KAT KEENE HOGUE/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION; (MAP/GLOBE) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (BOX OF FOSSILS) PAOLO VERZONE; (NIZAR IN FIELD) NANNI FONTANA; (NIZAR TEAM BOTH AND MEASURING FOSSIL) PAOLO VERZONE; (HEAD FOSSIL) REBECCA HALE/NG STAFF; (SPINOSAURUS JAW AND FULL BODY ILLUSTRATIONS) DAVIDE BONADONNA; (FOSSIL LAYOUT) PAOLO VERZONE; (ANIMATED & 3D SPINOSAURS) NIZAR IBRAHIM; (BUILDING MODEL) PAOLO VERZONE. THE TRANSFORMER: (NYMPH) NATURE PICTURE LIBRARY/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (DRAGONFLY) © KIM TAYLOR/NATUREPL.COM; (ON BRANCH) ANDREW PATERSON/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO;( NYMPH ON PLANT) © ANDY SANDS/NPL/MINDEN PICTURES; ; (DRAGONFLY) © KIM TAYLOR/NATUREPL.COM; (NYMPH & NYMPH EYES) © JAN HAMRSKY; (WALKING DRAGONFLY VIDEO) DOUG OVERTON/NEW FOREST DRAGONFLIES; (HUNTING SEQUENCE & NYMPH WITH PREY) © JAN HAMRSKY; (NYMPH EATING VIDEO) DOUG OVERTON/NEW FOREST DRAGONFLIES; (LIFE CYCLE ILLUSTRATION) ADAM TURNER; (FLYING) IAN WEST/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (EYES) WILDLIFE GMBH/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (ON PLANT) MCPHOTO/P. HOFMANN/BLICKWINKEL/AGE FOTOSTOCK; (FLYING VIDEO) RAINER FIESELMANN/SHUTTERSTOCK; (LAYING EGGS) FLPA/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO. TURNING TRASH INTO TREASURE: (BACKGROUND) TOPILSKAYA/SHUTTERSTOCK; (ECOARK BOTH & ARTHUR INSET) CHRIS TZOU/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES; (MAN TOUCHING WALL & ARTHUR JUMPING) NICKY LOH/REUTERS/NEWSCOM; (POLLI BRICK) MINIWIZ SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED; (ARTHUR VIDEO) EXECUTIVE PRODUCER | VANESSA SERRAO, SENIOR PRODUCER | MARY STEPHENS, PRODUCER, EDITOR | SAM SHELINE, DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY | RYAN HILL, FIELD PRODUCER | CARLING FRENCH, ASSISTANT CAMERA | NATHAN KELLEY, ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER | CARMEN RADKE, PRODUCTION SUPPORT | CHRIS WU, AUDIO MIX | CHRIS MARTIN, POST-OP MEDIA, COLORIST | TED SNAVELY, POST-OP MEDIA, ADDITIONAL FOOTAGE | GETTY IMAGES, ISTOCK; (ECOARK LIGHTING) GDA PHOTO SERVICE/NEWSCOM; (ARTHUR ON SKATEBOARD & SUNGLASSES) BILLY H.C. KWOK/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES; (ARTHUR AT DESK) NIKE/COVER IMAGES/NEWSCOM; (TRASHPRESSO PHOTO) MALCOLM PARK EDITORIAL/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (TRASHPRESSO ILLUSTRATION) MINIWIZ CO, LTD/ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THAT’S GEOGRAPHY: (MAP) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (TOMATOES) NIKITA SHACHNEV/SHUTTERSTOCK. THE END: © ROSS HODDINOTT/NPL/MINDEN PICTURES.